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While magic mushrooms are known for their hallucinogenic effects, they may also have a role to play in the treatment of some mental health treatment.
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Or they might, if they weren't illegal in most states.
Oregon has become the first US state to make psilocybin, the hallucinogenic compound in magic mushrooms, legal for mental health treatment in supervised settings.
They have more evidence for their case with a new small study of 24 adults with major depression that published this week in the journal JAMA Psychiatry, which found that two doses of psilocybin led to a large reduction in depressive symptoms.
'The magnitude of the effect we saw was about four times larger than what clinical trials have shown for traditional antidepressants on the market,' said Alan Davis, an adjunct assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, in a news statement.
'Because most other depression treatments take weeks or months to work and may have undesirable effects, this could be a game changer if these findings hold up in future 'gold-standard' placebo-controlled clinical trials.'
While not without limitations, the study is the latest research to explore how psilocybin could help ease mental health problems. Other studies have suggested that the compound may help in the treatment of anorexia, obsessive-compulsive disorder and addictions.
The participants in the John Hopkins study had experienced depression for around two years before being recruited and had to give up existing antidepressants. Thirteen participants received the psilocybin treatment immediately after being enrolled, and 11 participants were put on a waiting list and received the same treatment after an eight-week delay.
The study offered more evidence of psilocybin's 'rapid and powerful effect,' said David Nutt, a professor and director of the neuropsychopharmacology unit in the division of brain sciences at Imperial College London. The results could have been skewed by the fact that patients knew they were going to get the drug, with expectations potentially increasing the size of the effect, said Nutt, who wasn't involved with the research.
A 2016 study conducted by some of the same John Hopkins researchers found that psilocybin could ease depression and anxiety in patients who had life-threatening cancer.
'Because there are several types of major depressive disorders that may result in variation in how people respond to treatment, I was surprised that most of our study participants found the psilocybin treatment to be effective,' said Roland Griffiths, an author of the new study and the 2016 paper, and a professor at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research.
Psilocybins can produce visual and auditory hallucinations and profound changes in consciousness over a few hours after ingestion, the study said.
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In the United States, possession of the compound is a felony, as they are classified as a Schedule I substance.
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The vote in Oregon requires the Oregon Health Authority to allow licensed, regulated production and possession of psilocybin, exclusively for administration by licensed facilitators to clients.
How it might affect the brain
How psilocybin affects the brain still isn't completely understood, but Nutt at Imperial College said that it appeared the compound disrupted negative thinking circuits through the 5HT2Z receptor in the brain.
'Standard anti-depressants protect against the stressors that lead to and perpetuate depression but don't directly access and remedy underlying biopsychosocial causes,' he wrote in a paper he coauthored and published earlier this year.
'In contrast, psychedelic therapy harnesses a therapeutic window opened up by the brain via the effects of drugs to facilitate insight and emotional release.'
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He said that the substance tended to work with 'internalizing disorders' like depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder whereby individuals ruminate on failings or intrusive thoughts.
Another explanation could be more straighforwardly pharmacological, said Guy Goodwin, a professor emeritus of psychiatry at the University of Oxford -- that psilocybin 'is just a kick up the backside' of the serotonin system. Serotonin is a chemical and neurotransmitter in the digestive system, brain and blood system that regulates mood, social behavior, appetite, sleep, memory and sexual function.
Goodwin, who wasn't involved with the research, said the main limitation of the John Hopkins study was the absence of longer-term follow-up -- the team followed up with the participants only four weeks after the treatment. Depression for many people is a long-term condition, and determining if the treatment had lasting effects is a key missing factor.
What's more, with studies like these, it can be hard to tease out the effects of the drug from the process of administering it, Goodwin said. Bovada withdrawal fees.
The study participants received about 11 hours of psychotherapy and received the drug under the care of trained professionals and in a setting designed to put the patient at ease.
'You get an effect irrespective of whether the treatment works because everyone is caring for you and looking out for you and measuring things. People like that and feel better for that. In a real comparison you'd do everything the same but the actual drugs.'
However, he said that larger studies were underway that should address the questions raised by early proof of concept studies like this one.
'This is a nice, small preliminary study with a lot of weaknesses but equally the positive results promise better things.'
Published : February 6th, 2017
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Magic mushrooms have been used for centuries to create experiences that range from euphoria to touching the divine. However, beginners should prepare for this experience carefully and there are a few rules of thumb to insure that your first and subsequent trips are experiences you want to repeat.
Taking Magic Mushrooms is an experience like no other. They have been used for centuries in some cultures, to promote spiritual experiences and a feeling of connectedness to the divine.
However, like any drug, particularly psychoactive ones, it is very important to approach the experience responsibly. As Timothy Leary said, “set and setting” have a lot to do with the trips you take with shrooms. The following are handy tips for beginners about what to do and what to expect when you begin to experiment with psilocybin.
However, like any drug, particularly psychoactive ones, it is very important to approach the experience responsibly. As Timothy Leary said, “set and setting” have a lot to do with the trips you take with shrooms. The following are handy tips for beginners about what to do and what to expect when you begin to experiment with psilocybin.
FEEL GOOD WHEN YOU START TRIPPING
Shrooms intensify the moods and emotional state you are in when you take them. If you are not feeling well or are depressed, there is a greater chance you will have a bad experience.
BE IN A RELAXED AND TRUSTING ENVIRONMENT
You should be in a safe place, surrounded by people you trust. A bad or “heavy” trip in an unknown environment by yourself or amongst strangers is a recipe for a bad experience. It is also highly recommended, particularly for truffle novices and magic mushroom beginners to have a “sitter” with you during the entire trip. A sitter is someone who is sober, ensures that everything goes well and puts you and others on the trip at ease.
PREPARE YOURSELF
Have water, fruit juice, herbal teas and a light snack already prepared and ready. The effects of magic truffles last anywhere from 3-6 hours. It is sensible to eat something during this time, even though you may not be hungry. It may also be difficult for you to find your way to the refrigerator, so be sure to have the food close by.
TAKE MAGIC TRUFFLES ON AN EMPTY STOMACH
Conversely, do not eat anything for at least three hours before you take the shrooms. This way the psilocybin will be absorbed more quickly in your body and you are also far less likely to experience the nausea that frequently occurs at the beginning of trips.
DO NOT COMBINE SHROOMS WITH OTHER MIND-ALTERING SUBSTANCES
Under no circumstances should you take magic mushrooms with any other mind-altering substances. The psychedelic experience you will experience with shrooms is unlike any other experience you have ever had. Mixing them with other drugs can cause a bad trip. That said, some users report that taking a small amount of cannabis can combat the nausea some users feel at the beginning of the trip and battle bad trip-induced anxiety or panic. Do not do this unless you are an experienced shroom user.
HOW MANY MAGIC MUSHROOMS SHOULD I TAKE?
There is no “should” about dosage. It is best to go slow, and experiment on the conservative side. If you have never taken shrooms before and are a truffle beginner, you also do not know how sensitive you are to psilocybin. Please also bear in mind, truffle doses are differnt to mushroom.
That said, there are a few benchmarks you can go by. A quarter of a gram of dried shrooms is widely considered the “threshold dose.” This means that a user will have a light experience and barely notice effects. In other words, you may find that bright colours and intense lights take on a “starry” quality but not much more. Your eyes may dilate, you might experience slight nausea, and you might also experience “hallucinations” which feel like fleeting distortions around the edges of your peripheral vision.
A “medium” dose of between 1-2.5gm will create a real trip. Expect to feel nausea. Your eyes will dilate and your blood pressure and heart rate will increase (although not to a dangerous level). Many users also experience a “cooling” sensation that gets stronger as the trip progresses. Full blown visuals will also appear as well as the dream-like images of shroom trips. Emotions will also become dynamic and exaggerated. This is also why it is important to have a sitter, particularly for inexperienced users. Common negative thoughts during this period of time include extreme self-doubt. That said, the “ego-loss” also experienced by users is also frequently described, in the right environment, as an extremely pleasant experience, which also means a literal enjoyment of one’s environment, without any central desire, conflict or control.
ARE MAGIC MUSHROOMS DANGEROUS?
There is no simple answer to this question, but broadly, the answer is no. There are no well-documented cases of fatal overdoses, and psilocybin is not considered toxic. Psilocybin mushrooms will also not make you lose track of reality, you will not become a schizophrenic, nor will you trip permanently. However, if you have a documented history of mental illness, it can make these conditions worse. That said, for the majority of the population, shrooms are the safest psychedelic available.
WHAT IS A GOOD TRIP LIKE?
That really depends on the user. The colours of objects become extremely vivid. Users also experience euphoria, and laugh at nothing. Sounds will echo, and you may be unsure whether they occurred at all. You will also be able to “see” intense geometric patterns that morph into different shapes when you close your eyes. Users also report a sense of “freedom” mentally. Trains of thought will flow easily and some shroom trippers report a “better perspective” on their life. Some users also report they can “talk with the divine” or experience “other dimensions” of consciousness.
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